by Concrete is a composite building material, generally composed of a mixture of sand and gravel aggregates, cement, water, and other materials that need to be added.
It is a heterogeneous brittle material.
Due to the influence of many external factors during its molding process, hardened concrete often contains tiny pores, air pockets, cracks, and other phenomena.
These problems that occur during the concrete molding process are often referred to as initial defects, and the presence of these defects also leads to the unique heterogeneous characteristics of concrete compared to other building materials.
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